• Limiting is a type of dynamic processor designed to prevent any incoming audio signals from exceeding a set ceiling/output level/threshold. Any audio signal exceeding the threshold getsclamped down immediately. You can think of it functions similar to a high ratio compressor.

  • Reasons to use a limiter:

    1. Use in final stage of mastering to prevents peaks arise from your mastering chain while safeguarding your mix from digital clipping at 0 dBFS for streaming, podcast, etc.

    2. To bring up your mix to standard loudness/perceive volume while preserving audio quality, clarity, musical details & impact.

    3. To ensure consistency, maintaining impact & definition across various playback systems & environment.

  • Basic controls found in limiters:

    1. Gain/Threshold: Sets the level at which the limiter applies brick wall compression. If it’s a gain control, it first allows you to make up any remaining headroom, getting your peaks right up near 0 dBFS. From there, the more you push it, the more limiting you’ll have & louder your signal will be. If it’s a threshold control, it works in reverse. The more you pulled down, the louder it’s going to get.

    2. Output/Ceiling: Established the maximum level the limiter will allow for the incoming audio signal in digital realm. Setting output/ceiling level at 0 dBFS will results in ceiling levels peak close to 0 dBFS.

    3. Release: Sets the amount of time it takes for the limiter to stop working after the signal level drops below the threshold.

    4. Knee: Influences how abruptly the limiting curve engages around the threshold. A hard knee immediately clamps down the audio as soon as the threshold is crossed. A soft knee smooths the transition.

    5. Adaptive/Auto Settings: Some limiters incorporate features like auto-release or adaptive attack, adjusting these parameters in real time based on the input signal. This can be helpful in complex mix, preventing harsh pumping or distortion when multiple transients occur simultaneously.

  • Types of limiters and its examples:

    1. Analog-style Limiters : They are essentially very aggressive compressors. Eg. Manley Vari-Mu, Fairchild 670.

    2. Brickwall Limiters: Used to clamped down peaks in mastering or on groups of percussive instruments. Eg. Ozone Maximizer, Fabfilter Pro-L 2, Waves L4 Ultramaximizer.